746 questions on the questionnaire
A. NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY
A.1. Cases
[The man has brought fish.]
—
Les hommes savent réparer les voitures.
(Answers)
[The men know how to repair cars.]
—
Cinq chats ont mangé du poisson.
(Answers)
[Five cats have eaten fish.]
[A man has eaten cherries.]
— Ce jour-là,
quelques enfants préféraient rester chez eux.
(Answers)
[That day, some children preferred to stay at home.]
— Demain
les hommes iront à Bayonne à pied.
(Answers)
[Tomorrow the men will go walking to Bayonne.]
[I've eaten five apples.]
[How many books has he read?]
— Nous avons invité quelques amis.
(Answers)
[We have invited some friends.]
[I didn't see any children.]
— Il n'y a pas
d'enfant qui soit allé à l'école.
(Answers)
[There aren't any children that have been to school. ]
— Maddi, avez-vous
des enfants?
(Answers)
[Maddi, do you have children?]
[Peio, do you have any money?]
— J'ai vu
de beaux
enfants dans la rue.
(Answers)
[I've seen some cute children in the street.]
— S'il vous faut
de l'aide, dites-le moi.
(Answers)
[If you need any help, tell me.]
— Si vous avez
des questions, dites-le moi.
(Answers)
[If you have any questions, ask me.]
—
Aucun enfant n'est venu à l'école aujourd'hui.
(Answers)
[No children have come to school today.]
— La maman a donné le livre
à son enfant.
(Answers)
[The mum has given the book to her child.]
— La maman a donné le livre
aux enfants.
(Answers)
[The mum has given the book to her children.]
— La maman avait posé cette question
à cinq enfants.
(Answers)
[The mum has asked this question to five children.]
—
À combien d'enfants avez vous donné du pain?
(Answers)
[How many children have you given bread to?]
— Je me souviens
de trois endroits.
(Answers)
[I remember three places.]
— Nous avions parlé
de quelques amis.
(Answers)
[We have spoken about some friends.]
[I have spoken about someone.]
— J'ai apporté le livre
pour l'homme.
(Answers)
[I have brought the book for the man.]
[It's good for the eyes.]
— Nous les avons pris
pour femmes.
(Answers)
[We mistook them for women.]
— Je vous ai pris
pour mon mari.
(Answers)
[I mistook you for my husband.]
— Peio m'a pris
pour un imbécile.
(Answers)
[Peio treated me like an idiot.]
— Peio a mis la main
dans l'eau froide.
(Answers)
[Peio has put his hand in cold water.]
— Comment vit-on
dans les grandes villes?
(Answers)
[How do they live in big cities?]
—
Dans combien de villes avez-vous été?
(Answers)
[How many cities have you been in?]
[I have slept in a hotel.]
— Beñat commence à travailler
à 1 heure.
(Answers)
[Beñat starts work at one o'clock.]
— Il y a trois ans, mes amis étaient déjà retournés
dans leur pays.
(Answers)
[Three years ago, my friends returned to their country.]
— J'ai envoyé les enfants
aux maisons derrière l'église.
(Answers)
[I have sent the children to the houses behind the church.]
— Les danseurs sont allés
à quatre maisons de notre quartier.
(Answers)
[The dancers have gone to four houses in our neighborhood.]
—
À combien de maisons sommes-nous allés?
(Answers)
[How many houses have we been to?]
— J'ai envoyé les élèves
à l'instituteur.
(Answers)
[I have sent the children to the teacher.]
— J'ai envoyé les élèves
aux instituteurs.
(Answers)
[I have sent the children to the teachers.]
— J'ai envoyé les élèves
à deux ou trois professeurs.
(Answers)
[I have sent the children to two or three teachers.]
— Je ne voulais pas que Maddi aille
vers le village.
(Answers)
[I didn't want Maddi to go towards the town.]
— Je ne voulais pas que Beñat et Maddi aillent
vers les montagnes.
(Answers)
[I didn't want Beñat and Maddi to go towards the mountains.]
— Le chien est retourné
vers l'homme.
(Answers)
[The dog has returned to the man.]
— Le chien est retourné
vers les hommes.
(Answers)
[The dog has returned to the men.]
— Manex est allé
jusqu'à la maison.
(Answers)
[Manex has went home.]
— Votre demande est arrivée
jusqu'au Président.
(Answers)
[Your petition has reached the President.]
— Je viens
des maisons d'en bas.
(Answers)
[I have come from the houses below.]
—
De quelle maison vient Maddi?
(Answers)
[Which house did Maddi come from?]
— Beñat s'est séparé
de sa femme.
(Answers)
[Beñat and his wife have separated.]
— Marie s'est éloignée
de ses copines.
(Answers)
[Marie has drifted away from her friends.]
— Beñat et Piarres se sont séparés
de leurs femmes.
(Answers)
[Beñat and Piarres have left their wives.]
[Peio gets that from his father.]
— Je veux que Beñat vienne
avec l'ami de Maialen.
(Answers)
[I want Beñat to come with Maialen's friend.]
— Je voudrais que Peio vienne
avec les amis.
(Answers)
[I'd like Peio to come with some friends.]
— Nous voulons que Beñat et Maddi viennent
avec trois chevaux.
(Answers)
[We want Beñat and Maddi to come with three horses.]
— Mes amis se sont fâchés
à cause de la maison.
(Answers)
[My friends got angry because of the house.]
— Je suis ici
à cause de mon ami.
(Answers)
[I'm here because of my friend.]
— Vous m'avez donné le livre
de mon frère.
(Answers)
[You've given me my brother's book.]
— Quelqu'un a volé les livres
de mes camarades d'école.
(Answers)
[Someone has stolen my classmate's books.]
— J'ai eu les conseils
de trois petites filles.
(Answers)
[I've received advice from three little girls.]
— L'eau
de la fontaine est propre.
(Answers)
[The fountain water is clean.]
— Les rues
des villes sont larges.
(Answers)
[The city streets are wide.]
— Les maires
de trois villages sont venus.
(Answers)
[The Mayors from three villages have arrived.]
— Rien ne vaut la
lumière du soleil.
(Answers)
[Nothing is as valuable as sunlight.]
— C'était le patron
d'une grande usine.
(Answers)
[He was the boss of a large factory.]
— J'ai acheté un chien
de trois ans.
(Answers)
[I've bought a 3-year old dog.]
— Nous avons construit une maison
à deux étages.
(Answers)
[We've built a two-storey house.]
A.2. Demonstratives
— Je vois bien
cette femme-ci. Elle est près de moi. Mais pas
cet homme là-bas. Il est trop loin.
(Answers)
[I can easily see this woman. She is close to me. But not that man that is really far away. He's too far away.]
— Vous parlez
à ces enfants-ci, mais voyez-vous là-bas
ces autres petites filles?
(Answers)
[You are talking to these children here, but do you see those little girls over there?]
—
Ce bonbon-là est pour vous,
ce biscuit-ci est pour moi.
(Answers)
[That sweet is for you and this biscuit is for me.]
— Il y a un instant, d'ici,
ces garçons ont jeté des pierres à
ces petites filles là-bas.
(Answers)
[A few minutes ago, these children threw rocks at those little girls over there.]
— Pierre et Marie se sont fâchés.
Celle-ci, à la fin, a crié.
(Answers)
[Pierreand Marie got angry at each other. In the end, she shouted.]
— Deux hommes marchaient dans la rue avec deux enfants.
Ces deux hommes avaient une drôle d'allure.
(Answers)
[Two men were walking down the street with two kids. They seemed a bit strange.]
— Un et un font deux.
Cela, au moins, est sûr.
(Answers)
[One plus one equals two. That, at least, is sure.]
B. VERBAL MORPHOLOGY
B.1. Without interlocutors
— Demain les hommes iront à Bayonne à pied.
(Answers)
[Tomorrow the men will go walking to Bayonne.]
— Jean
était berger pour quelques jours.
(Answers)
[Jean was a shepherd for awhile.]
— Il y a trois ans, mes amis étaient déjà retournés dans leur pays.
(Answers)
[Three years ago, my friends returned to their country.]
— Beñat n'est pas là, il
doit être malade.
(Answers)
[Beñat isn't here, he must be ill.]
— Beñat et Maddi
doivent être fâchés.
(Answers)
[Beñat and Maddi must be angry.]
— Dimanche prochain, où
sera Beñat ?
(Answers)
[Next Sunday, where will Beñat be?]
— Quand Beñat et Maddi
rentreront chez eux, ils se reposeront / prépareront le dîner.
(Answers)
[When Beñat and Maddi return home, they'll make dinner.]
— Beñat n'est pas venu hier, il
devait être malade.
(Answers)
[Beñat didn't come yesterday, he must have been ill.]
— Beñat et Maddi
devaient être au cinéma quand vous les aviez appelés.
(Answers)
[Beñat and Maddi must have been in the cinema when you called them.]
— Je veux que Beñat vienne avec l'ami de Maialen.
(Answers)
[I want Beñat to come with Maialen's friend.]
— Nous voulons que Beñat et Maddi viennent avec trois chevaux.
(Answers)
[We want Beñat and Maddi to come with three horses.]
— Je ne voulais pas que Maddi aille vers le village.
(Answers)
[I didn't want Maddi to go towards the town.]
— Je ne voulais pas que Beñat et Maddi aillent vers les montagnes.
(Answers)
[I didn't want Beñat and Maddi to go towards the mountains.]
— Je voudrais que Peio vienne avec les amis.
(Answers)
[I'd like Peio to come with some friends.]
[I wish Peio would be quiet!]
— Que les enfants
s'en aillent d'ici!
(Answers)
[I wish the children would leave!]
— Faites attention! Un accident
peut arriver!
(Answers)
[Be careful! Something could happen!]
— Ici ces choses là
ne peuvent pas arriver.
(Answers)
[Here these things couldn't happen.]
— Les fleurs
lui sont tombées des mains.
(Answers)
[The flowers have fallen out of his hands.]
— Les livres
leur sont tombés des mains.
(Answers)
[The flowers have fallen out of their hands.]
— Les fleurs
lui étaient tombées des mains.
(Answers)
[The flowers fell out of his hands.]
— Les livres
leur étaient tombés des mains.
(Answers)
[The flowers fell out of their hands.]
— A Maddi aussi, cela
a dû lui arriver.
(Answers)
[Something like this must have happened to Maddi too.]
— A Maddi aussi, cela
avait dû lui arriver.
(Answers)
[Something like that must have happened to Maddi too.]
— Beñat ne veut pas que la clé
lui tombe des mains.
(Answers)
[Beñat doesn't want the key to fall out of his hand.]
— Beñat ne voulait pas que la clé
lui tombe des mains.
(Answers)
[Beñat didn't want the key to fall out of his hand.]
— Beñat ne voudrait pas
qu'il arrive quelque chose à Peio.
(Answers)
[Beñat wouldn't want anything to happen to Peio.]
— Que les enfants
s'approchent de moi!
(Answers)
[I want the children to come closer to me!]
— L'homme a apporté du poisson.
(Answers)
[The man has brought fish.]
— Un homme a mangé des cerises.
(Answers)
[A man has eaten cherries.]
— En ce temps là, Beñat
mangeait une pomme par jour.
(Answers)
[Back then, Beñat ate an apple a day.]
— En ce temps là, Peio
achetait des pommes tous les jours.
(Answers)
[Back then, Peio bought apples every day.]
— Beñat
doit avoir la clé á la maison.
(Answers)
[Beñat must have the key at home.]
— Beñat
a dû acheter le maïs au marché.
(Answers)
[Beñat must have bought the corn at the market.]
— Beñat
devait avoir les clés à la maison.
(Answers)
[Beñat must have had the keys at home.]
— Nous avons acheté ce livre pour que Maddi
le lise.
(Answers)
[We've bought this book for Maddi to read.]
— Je veux que Peio
achète ces pommes.
(Answers)
[I want Peio to buy these apples.]
— Je voulais que Maialen
boive le lait.
(Answers)
[I wanted Maialen to drink the milk. ]
— J'avais raconté une histoire pour que tous les enfants
dorment bien.
(Answers)
[I told a story so the children would sleep well.]
— Peio voudrait que Maddi
ramasse les papiers.
(Answers)
[Peio would like Maddi to clean up the papers.]
[He can do it how he wants!]
— Que la Mairie
finisse ces travaux une bonne fois pour toutes !
(Answers)
[I wish they'd finish the construction once and for all!]
— La maman a donné le livre à son enfant.
(Answers)
[The mum has given the book to her child.]
[Peio will tell him/her.]
— La maman a donné le livre aux enfants.
(Answers)
[The mum has given the book to her children.]
— Beñat
lui avait apporté un livre.
(Answers)
[Beñat brought him/her a book.]
— La maman avait posé cette question à cinq enfants.
(Answers)
[The mum has asked this question to five children.]
— À mon fils, ma femme
lui ferait manger n'importe quoi (en lui disant qu'il va grandir).
(Answers)
[My wife would make my son eat anything.]
— Beñat
a dû donner ses livres à Maddi.
(Answers)
[Beñat must have given the books to Maddi.]
— Beñat
avait dû déjà donner son livre à Maddi.
(Answers)
[Beñat must have gave the books to Maddi.]
— Beñat a apporté la bicyclette pour que Maddi
la lui répare.
(Answers)
[Beñat has brought the bike for Maddi to fix.]
— Beñat avait apporté la bicyclette pour que Maddi
la lui répare.
(Answers)
[Beñat brought the bike for Maddi to fix.]
— Peio voudrait que Maddi
lui donne des fleurs.
(Answers)
[Peio would like Maddi to bring him flowers.]
— Que Maddi
ne lui prête pas la bicyclette !
(Answers)
[I wish Maddi wouldn't loan him/her the bike!]
— Que les élèves
donnent leur(s) livre(s) à Maddi !
(Answers)
[I wish the students would give their books to Maddi!]
B.2.Among interlocutors
—
Vous vous êtes approché de moi.
(Answers)
[You have approached me.]
— Avant,
je vous parlais tous les jours.
(Answers)
[Before, I spoke to you every day.]
— En ce temps là,
vous me parliez souvent de ces sujets.
(Answers)
[Back then, you often spoke to me about those things.]
—
J'ai dû vous parler trop vite.
(Answers)
[I must have told you too fast.]
—
Vous aviez dû me parler trop vite.
(Answers)
[You must have told me too fast.]
— Beñat veut
que je vous parle à vous.
(Answers)
[Beñat wants me to talk to you.]
— Je voulais
que vous me parliez à moi.
(Answers)
[I wanted you to talk to me.]
— Maddi souhaiterait
que vous vous approchiez de moi.
(Answers)
[Maddi would like you to approach me.]
— Avant,
je vous voyais tous les jours.
(Answers)
[Before, I saw you every day.]
— En ce temps là,
vous me connaissiez bien.
(Answers)
[Back then, you knew me well.]
[Beñat wants me to see you.]
— Mes amis veulent
que vous me connaissiez.
(Answers)
[My friends want you to meet me.]
— Avant, vous préfériez
que je vous voie tous les jours.
(Answers)
[Before, you preferred that I see you every day.]
— En ce temps là, je voulais
que vous me voyiez tous les jours.
(Answers)
[Back then, I wanted you to see me every day.]
— Je voudrais que
vous m'invitiez au restaurant.
(Answers)
[I wanted you to invite me to the restaurant.]
[Take me to the restaurant!]
—
Je vous ai apporté les papiers de la voiture ce matin.
(Answers)
[I have brought you the papers for the car this morning.]
— Vous m'avez donné le livre de mon frère.
(Answers)
[You've given me my brother's book.]
— En ce temps là,
je vous donnais un baiser tous les jours.
(Answers)
[Back then, I gave you a kiss every day.]
— Il y a bien longtemps,
vous me racontiez des histoires tous les soirs.
(Answers)
[A long time ago, you told me stories every night.]
— Maialen veut
que je vous porte le livre à la maison.
(Answers)
[Maialen wants me to bring you the book home.]
— Peio souhaite
que vous me donniez l'argent ce matin.
(Answers)
[Peio wants you to give me the money this morning.]
— L'an dernier, vous vouliez
que je vous vende ma voiture.
(Answers)
[Last year you wanted me to sell you my car.]
— Avant, Peio ne voulait pas
que vous me racontiez des mensonges.
(Answers)
[Before, Peio didn't want you to tell me lies.]
— Maialen préférerait
que vous me portiez des biscuits de la maison.
(Answers)
[Maialen would prefer that you bring me biscuits from home.]
B.3. Potential Mood
— (Peio a repris des forces). Avec un peu d'aide, il
peut se lever du lit.
(Answers)
[Peio has regained his strength. With a bit of help, he will be able to get out of bed.]
— (La porte est fermée à clé.) Peio
ne peut pas sortir.
(Answers)
[The door is locked. Peio can't leave.]
— (Peio a fini ses devoirs). Il
peut quitter l'école.
(Answers)
[Peio has finished his homework. He can leave school.]
— (Il fait nuit.)
Nul ne peut sortir, sans autorisation.
(Answers)
[It's night. No one can leave without approval.]
— Attention: ce verre
peut tomber.
(Answers)
[Be careful: this glass could fall.]
— Maintenant une telle chose
ne peut plus arriver.
(Answers)
[Now something like that couldn't happen. ]
— (Peio avait repris des forces). Avec un peu d'aide, il
pouvait se lever.
(Answers)
[Peio regained his strength. With a bit of help he managed to get out of bed.]
— (La porte était fermée à clé.) Peio
ne pouvait pas sortir.
(Answers)
[The door was locked. Peio couldn't leave.]
— (Peio avait ma permission). Il
pouvait s'en aller à Paris.
(Answers)
[Peio had my permission. He could go to Paris.]
— (Il y avait une interdiction.) Nul
ne pouvait sortir, sans autorisation.
(Answers)
[It was forbidden. No one could leave without approuval.]
— Dans le temps aussi, de telles choses
pouvaient se produire!
(Answers)
[With time this things could happen.]
— A cette époque, rien de tel
ne pouvait arriver.
(Answers)
[In that time, something like this couldn't happen.]
— Attention! Un accident
pourrait se produire.
(Answers)
[Attention! An accident could happen.]
— Attention! Les livres
pourraient tomber!
(Answers)
[Attention! The books could fall.]
— (Le téléphone est réparé.) Peio
peut me parler tous les jours.
(Answers)
[The telephone is fixed. Peio can talk to me every day.]
— (Que Peio fasse attention.) Une telle chose
peut lui arriver à lui aussi!
(Answers)
[(Peio should be careful): something like this could happen to him too.]
— (Il a l'autorisation.) Beñat
peut voir les malades.
(Answers)
[He has permission. Beñat can see the patients.]
— (Ne bougez plus.) Maintenant je
peux vous voir.
(Answers)
[Don't move. Now I can see you.]
— Attention! Les enfants
peuvent casser une vitre!
(Answers)
[Be careful! The children could break the window! ]
— (Je suis fort:) Je
peux porter ce paquet sur mon dos.
(Answers)
[I'm strong. I can carry this packet on my back.]
— (Vous êtes trop faible:) Vous
ne pouvez pas lever cette pierre.
(Answers)
[You are too weak. You can`t lift this stone.]
— De là où j'étais, je
pouvais vous voir, mais pas facilement.
(Answers)
[From where I was, I could see you, but not easily.]
— De là où vous étiez, vous
pouviez nous voir tous.
(Answers)
[From where you were, you could see all of us.]
— Avant les paysans ne
pouvaient pas travailler le dimanche.
(Answers)
[Before, farmers couldn't work on Sundays.]
— (La loi avait changé). Beñat
pouvait fumer au travail.
(Answers)
[The law had changed. Beñat could smoke at work.]
— Moi également, je peux
vous donner un peu d'argent.
(Answers)
[I can also give you some money.]
— Vous avez ma permission. Vous pouvez
me dire la vérité sans crainte.
(Answers)
[You have my permission. You can tell me the truth without being scared.]
— J'avais assez d'argent. Je pouvais
vous en donner un peu.
(Answers)
[I had enough money. I could give you a little.]
— Ne mangez pas trop. Cela
pourrait vous faire du mal.
(Answers)
[Don't eat too much. You might feel bad.]
B.4. Irrealis
— Si ce matin Beñat
était venu à pied, il
aurait vu Maddi dans la rue.
(Answers)
[If Beñat would have come walking this morning, he would have seen Maddi in the street.]
— Si un tel accident
était arrivé à Peio hier, son père
aurait dit quelque chose à Maddi.
(Answers)
[If an accident like this would have happened to Peio yesterday, his father would have said something to Maddi.]
— Si hier Beñat
avait mangé toutes les pommes, il
aurait été malade.
(Answers)
[If Beñat had eaten all of the apples yesterday, he would have felt ill.]
— Si à ce moment là Peio
lui avait dit la vérité, cela
aurait paru bizarre à Beñat.
(Answers)
[If Peio had told Beñat the truth in that moment, it would have seemed very strange to Beñat.]
— Si demain Beñat
partait à Paris à pied, il
achèterait de nouvelles chaussures.
(Answers)
[If Beñat were to walk to Paris tomorrow, he would buy new shoes.]
— Si un jour un tel malheur
lui arrivait, Peio
demanderait de l'aide à Maddi.
(Answers)
[If something bad like this happened to Peio, he would ask Maddi for help.]
— Si Beñat
voyait ses enfants dans un tel état, il
s'étonnerait beaucoup.
(Answers)
[If Beñat saw his children in a situation like this, it would surprise him a lot. ]
— Si Peio
racontait une telle histoire à Beñat, le livre
lui tomberait des mains.
(Answers)
[If Peio told Beñat a story like that, the book would fall out of his hands.]
— Si Peio
avait plus d'argent, il
serait plus heureux.
(Answers)
[If Peio had more money, he would be happier.]
— Si hier j'étais resté dans la forêt, vous vous seriez inquiété.
(Answers)
[If I would have stayed in the forest yesterday, you would have been worried.]
— Si à ce moment-là vous
m'aviez parlé à moi, je
vous aurais donné un peu d'argent.
(Answers)
[If you had come to me, I would have given you some money.]
— Si hier j'
avais apporté les livres, vous
m'auriez invité au restaurant.
(Answers)
[If I had brought the books yesterday, you would have invited me to the restaurant.]
— Si ce jour là je
vous avais offert de l'or, à moi aussi
vous m'auriez parlé d'une autre manière.
(Answers)
[If I had offered you gold, you would have spoken to me differently.]
— Si demain
vous veniez jusqu'à Cambo à pied, après je
vous inviterais au restaurant.
(Answers)
[Tomorrow, if you come walking to Cambo, I will invite you to a restaurant.]
— Si à vous aussi je
vous parlais tous les jours, vous
me diriez la vérité.
(Answers)
[If I spoke to you every day, you would tell me the truth.]
— Si je vous payais le voyage, vous
iriez en Amérique.
(Answers)
[If I paid for your trip, you would go to America.]
— Si demain vous
m'invitiez à un tel restaurant, je
vous parlerais autrement.
(Answers)
[If I invited you to a restaurant tomorrow, you would speak to me differently.]
— Si j'
avais plus d'argent, je
serais plus heureux.
(Answers)
[If I had more money, I would be happier. ]
B.5. Synthetic verbs
— Je
sais les deux langues d'ici.
(Answers)
[I speak both of the languages from here.]
— En ce temps là,
saviez-vous parler
l'anglais?
(Answers)
[Back then, did you speak English?]
— Hier à cette heure-ci, j'
attendais Peio.
(Answers)
[At this time yesterday, I was waiting for Peio.]
B.6. Aspect morphemes of participles
— Vous êtes
venu jusqu'à quand?
(Answers)
[How long are you here for?]
[Have you read this book yet?]
— Mon père avait
fait la guerre de 14.
(Answers)
[My father was in the war of '14.]
B.7. Allocutive forms
— Si je
le lui demande, Beñat
partira à Paris demain matin.
(Answers)
[If I ask him, Beñat will leave for Paris tomorrow.]
— Quand
j'aurai le temps, je
viendrai chez toi.
(Answers)
[When I have time, I'll come to your house.]
— L'an dernier Beñat
allait au travail à pied, car il
n'avait pas de voiture.
(Answers)
[Last year Beñat walked to work because he didn't have a car.]
— L'an dernier nous
allions au travail à pied.
(Answers)
[Last year we walked to work.]
— Les papiers
lui sont tombés des mains.
(Answers)
[The papers fell from his hands. ]
— Les papiers
leurs sont tombés des mains.
(Answers)
[The papers fell from their hands.]
[Beñat has brought the snack.]
— Beñat
avait apporté les oeufs.
(Answers)
[Beñat had brought the eggs.]
— Beñat
lui a enlevé les chaussures.
(Answers)
[Beñat has taken off her shoes.]
C. SYNTAX
C.1. Pronouns
[I've come this morning.]
[I've eaten five apples.]
[Maddi has told me the truth.]
— Peio croit qu'
il a glissé (il=Peio).
(Answers)
[Peio thinks he has slipped.]
— Peio et Xabi croient que Maddi
les a frappés (les=Peio et Xabi).
(Answers)
[Peio and Xabi think that Maddi has hit them.]
— Peio croit que Maddi
lui a donné le livre (lui=Peio).
(Answers)
[Peio thinks that Maddi has given him the book.]
— Peio croit que Maddi a parlé
de lui (lui=Peio).
(Answers)
[Peio thinks that Maddi has talked about him.]
— Peio croit que c'est
moi qui vous ai frappé.
(Answers)
[Peio thinks that it was me who hit you.]
— Je crois que c'est
nous que Peio a vu.
(Answers)
[I think it was us that Peio has seen.]
— C'est
à vous que j'ai donné le livre.
(Answers)
[I gave the book to you.]
— Peio croit que c'est
lui le meilleur (lui=Peio).
(Answers)
[Peio thinks he is the best.]
— Je suis fier de ma fille. Je crois que c'est
elle que j'ai vue.
(Answers)
[I'm proud of my daughter. I think it was her that I saw in the street.]
— J'ai dit à Maddi que c'est
à elle que je donnerai le livre (elle=Maddi).
(Answers)
[I told Maddi that I would give the book to her.]
— Peio a dit à Maddi que c'est
avec elle qu'il veut se marier.
(Answers)
[Peio has told Maddi that it is her that he wants to marry.]
—
Moi aussi j'ai vu Peio ce matin.
(Answers)
[I've also seen Peio this morning.]
—
Vous aussi, ce matin, je vous ai vu dans la rue.
(Answers)
[I've seen you too this morning in the street.]
—
A nous, personne ne nous dit rien.
(Answers)
[Nobody tells us anything.]
— Peio croit que
lui non plus ne dirait jamais une telle chose.
(Answers)
[Peio thinks he wouldn't ever say anything like that either.]
— Je suis fier de mon fils.
Lui aussi, mes amis l'aiment beaucoup.
(Answers)
[I'm proud of my son. My friends love him too.]
— Maddi n'est pas contente.
À elle, personne ne lui a rien dit.
(Answers)
[Maddi isn't happy. No one has told her anything.]
— Vous avez fait ce travail
vous-même.
(Answers)
[You've done this work on your own.]
— Vous me l'avez dit
à moi-même.
(Answers)
[You told me.]
Syntax >
Pron > Intensive pronouns >
3p >
Erg
— Peio aussi fait ses commissions
lui-même.
(Answers)
[Peio also does his shopping on his own.]
Syntax >
Pron > Intensive pronouns > Intensive pron & exclus >
3p >
Erg
— J'ai fait ce travail
tout seul. (sans l'aide de personne).
(Answers)
[I've done this work on my own.]
Syntax >
Pron > Intensive pronouns > Intensive pron & exclus >
3p >
Abs_Subj
— Peio aussi est
seul dans son bureau.
(Answers)
[Peio is also alone in his office.]
Syntax >
Pron > Intensive pronouns > Intensive pron & exclus >
3p >
Erg
— Peio l'a fait
tout seul, personne ne l'a aidé.
(Answers)
[Peio has done it by himself, no one has helped him.]
Syntax >
Pron > Intensive pronouns > Intensive pron & exclus >
3p >
Abs_Subj
— Peio et Maddi sont tombés
tout seuls (personne ne les a poussés).
(Answers)
[Peio and Maddi have fallen on their own.]
[Peio has lied to himself.]
— Nous nous faisons du mal
á nous-même.
(Answers)
[We hurt ourselves.]
— Peio
s'est reconnu sur la photo.
(Answers)
[Peio has recognized himself in the photo.]
[I don't love myself very much.]
—
Vous vous êtes vu dans ce film?
(Answers)
[Have you seen yourself in this film?]
— Maialen est fière
d'elle (elle= Maialen).
(Answers)
[Maialen is proud of herself.]
— Peio n'a pas confiance
en lui (lui=Peio).
(Answers)
[Peio doesn't believe in himself.]
[We have eaten together.]
— Ces gens vivent
les uns à côté des autres.
(Answers)
[These people live next to each other.]
— Pierre et Mayi sont ennemis
l'un de l'autre.
(Answers)
[Peio and Maddi are each other's enemies.]
— Ces deux enfants se sont frappés
l'un l'autre.
(Answers)
[These children have hit each other.]
— Peio a dit à Maddi
qu'ils se verront demain. (ils = Peio et Maddi)
(Answers)
[Peio has told Maddi that they will see each other tomorrow.]
— Pierre et Mayi croient
qu'ils s'aiment.
(Answers)
[Pierre and Maddi believe that they love each other.]
— Maialen et Mayi se sont dit des mensonges
l'une à l'autre.
(Answers)
[Maialen and Maddi have told each other lies.]
— Mayi et Peio se plaisent
l'un l'autre.
(Answers)
[Maddi and Peio like each other.]
— Pierre est en colère. J'ai tué
son chien. (le chien de Pierre).
(Answers)
[Pierre is angry. I killed his dog.]
— Xabi et Beñat ont dit à Peio qu'ils ont vu
sa sœur. (la sœur de Peio).
(Answers)
[Xabi and Beñat have told Peio that they saw his sister.]
— Beñat croit que
son chien m'a mordu. (le chien de Beñat).
(Answers)
[Beñat thinks that his dog bit me.]
— Maddi et Peio croient que
leur copain est malade. (le copain de Maddi et Peio).
(Answers)
[Maddi and Peio think that their friend is ill.]
— J'habite chez Pierre avec
son frère (le frère de Pierre)
(Answers)
[I live in Pierre's house with his brother.]
— J'ai parlé de
son chien avec Peio (le chien de Peio).
(Answers)
[I talked with Peio about his dog.]
— J'ai parlé de Peio et Maddi avec
leurs amis (les amis de Peio et Maddi)
(Answers)
[I spoke about Peio and Maddi with their friends.]
— Peio a tué
son chien pas le mien. (le chien de Peio).
(Answers)
[Peio has killed his dog, not mine.]
— Peio et Maddi ont amené
leurs amis au cinéma et pas les miens. (les amis de Peio et Maddi).
(Answers)
[Peio and Maddi have brought their friends to the cinema, but not mine.]
— C'est sont
leurs parents, et pas les miens qui ont amené Peio et Maddi au cinéma. (les parents de Peio et Maddi).
(Answers)
[They are their parents, not mine, who have taken Peio and Maddi to the cinema.]
— Pierre est en colère.
Son chien l'a mordu. (le chien de Pierre a mordu Pierre).
(Answers)
[Pierre is angry. His dog has bitten him.]
C.2. Determiners in different syntactic contexts
— Jean était berger pour quelques jours.
(Answers)
[Jean was a shepherd for awhile.]
— Beñat n'est pas
un bon bertsulari, mais c'est
un bon pilotari.
(Answers)
[Beñat isn't a good bertsolari, but he is a good hand ball player.]
—
Des enfants sont tombés par terre.
(Answers)
[The children have fallen on the floor.]
—
Des enfants ont joué dans la rue.
(Answers)
[The children have played in the street.]
—
Des étoiles brillent dans le ciel.
(Answers)
[The stars shine in the sky.]
— Manex a bu
de l'eau. Peio a mangé le pain.
(Answers)
[Manex has drunk water. Peio has eaten bread.]
— Il y a
des étudiants dans la rue.
(Answers)
[There are students in the street.]
— Il y a
de l'eau dans le verre.
(Answers)
[There is water in the glass.]
— Je n'ai pas
de chien mais j'ai un chat.
(Answers)
[I don't have a dog but I have a cat.]
— Je n'ai pas
d'argent, mais j'ai du pain.
(Answers)
[I don't have any money but I have bread.]
C.3. Degree modifiers
— J'habite une
très vieille maison.
(Answers)
[I live in a very old house.]
— Maddi est une
très jolie fille.
(Answers)
[Maddi is a very pretty girl.]
— Un chanteur
très célèbre est venu à Bayonne.
(Answers)
[A very famous singer has come to Bayonne.]
— Beñat a deux
très gros chiens.
(Answers)
[Beñat has two very big dogs.]
— Beñat est un
assez bon pilotari.
(Answers)
[Beñat is a pretty good pilotari.]
C.4. Number agreement of the quantifiers
—
Beaucoup d'enfants sont tombés dans ces escaliers.
(Answers)
[A lot of children have fallen on this stairs.]
—
Peu d'enfants sont morts de cette manière.
(Answers)
[Few children have died like this.]
—
Trop d'enfants ont glissé dans ces escaliers.
(Answers)
[Too many children have fallen on these stairs.]
—
Tous les enfants sont tombés par terre.
(Answers)
[All of the children have fallen down.]
—
Quelques enfants sont allés à l'église.
(Answers)
[Some children have gone to the church.]
—
Suffisamment d'enfants sont déjà tombés ici.
(Answers)
[Enough children have fallen here.]
— Il y a
peu d'étudiants dans la rue.
(Answers)
[There aren't many students in the street.]
— Il y a
beaucoup de places vides dans ce train.
(Answers)
[There are many empty seats on this train.]
— J'ai vu
beaucoup d'enfants tomber par terre.
(Answers)
[I saw many children falling.]
[I bought very few books.]
[I have eaten too many apples.]
— J'ai
peu de livres, mais beaucoup d'idées.
(Answers)
[I have few books but a lot of ideas.]
— Beñat a
trop de livres, mais pas assez d'amis.
(Answers)
[Beñat has too many books, but not enough friends.]
—
Beaucoup d'enfants ont déjà dormi ici.
(Answers)
[Many children have slept here.]
—
Peu d'enfants ont apporté leur(s) livre(s).
(Answers)
[Few children have brought their books.]
—
Trop d'enfants mangent des bonbons.
(Answers)
[Too many children eat sweets.]
—
Tous les enfants ont mangé du pain.
(Answers)
[All of the children have eaten bread.]
—
Quelques enfants ont acheté du papier.
(Answers)
[Some children have bought paper.]
—
Suffisamment d'enfants ont dit des bêtises.
(Answers)
[Enough children have said silly things.]
C.5. Distributive numerals
— (Peio et Maddi sont content.) Je
leur ai donné
chacun un livre.
(Answers)
[Peio and Maddi are happy. I have given each of them a book.]
— (Peio et Maddi sont content.)
Ils ont mangé
chacun deux pommes.
(Answers)
[Peio and Maddi are happy. They have each eaten an apple.]
— (Peio et Maddi sont content.).
Chacun des deux a vu
trois films.
(Answers)
[Peio and Maddi are happy. They have each seen three films.]
— (Peio et Maddi sont content.)
Ils sont partis
chacun dans
une voiture.
(Answers)
[Peio and Maddi are happy. They have each left in different cars.]
C.6. Focus
Syntax > Focus & Affirmative >
Erg
— C'est
Beñat qui a cassé le verre.
(Answers)
[It wasn't Beñat who broke the glass.]
— C'est de
ma faute si nous n'avons pas l'argent. C'est
moi qui ne l'ai pas apporté.
(Answers)
[It's my fault that we don't have the money. It was me who didn't bring it.]
Syntax > Focus & Affirmative >
Adv
— Je suis venu à pied, pas en voiture.
(Answers)
[I came on foot, not by car.]
Syntax > Focus & Affirmative >
FocV
[I laughed, I didn't cry.]
— Nous n'avons pas
bu le vin, nous l'avons jeté.
(Answers)
[We haven't drunk the wine, we have thrown it out.]
— Est-ce
Pierre qui est venu ce matin?
(Answers)
[Was it Pierre that came this morning?]
Syntax > Focus & Affirmative >
Abs_Obj
— Je sais
l'anglais, pas l'allemand.
(Answers)
[I know English, not German.]
— Non, mon chien n'est pas
méchant.
(Answers)
[No, my dog isn't bad.]
Syntax > Focus & neg clauses >
Adv
— Non, Maialen n'habite pas
ici.
(Answers)
[No, Maialen doen't live here.]
— Ce n'est pas
ce matin que vous me l'avez dit.
(Answers)
[It wasn't this morning that you told me.]
[ I'm not talking about that.]
Syntax > Focus & neg clauses >
Dat
— Ce n'est pas
à moi que vous l'avez dit.
(Answers)
[It wasn't me that you told.]
Syntax > Focus & neg clauses >
Erg
— Ce n'est pas
Beñat qui a ri.
(Answers)
[It wasn't Beñat who laughed.]
— Ce n'est pas
Pierre qui est tombé par terre.
(Answers)
[It wasn't Pierre who fell.]
Syntax > Focus & neg clauses >
FocV
— Nous n'avons pas bu l'eau, nous l'avons jetée.
(Answers)
[We haven't drunk the wine, we have thrown it out.]
C.7. Interrogative sentences
—
A qui avez-vous donné les livres ce matin?
(Answers)
[Who did you give the books to this morning?]
— Ce sont
les enfants de qui qui vous ont jeté des cailloux?
(Answers)
[Whose children are the ones who threw the rocks?]
— Ce sont
les enfants de quel village qui ont cassé ce mur à coups de pied?
(Answers)
[Where are the children who broke the wall by kicking it from?]
[What did Peio say to who?]
Syntax > Interrogatives > Alternative quest
—
Que voulez vous,
du cidre ou de la bière?
(Answers)
[What do you want, cider or beer?]
—
De quoi parlez-vous le plus,
du travail ou des vacances?
(Answers)
[What do you speak about more: work or holiday?]
— C'est incroyable!
Est-ce donc Peio qui a apporté ce livre?
(Answers)
[It's incredible! Was it Peio who brought this book?]
— Dites donc!
Est-ce que Maialen sait que vous êtes ici?
(Answers)
[Tell me! Does Maialen know you are here?]
Syntax > Interrogatives >
WH quest > Subordinates > Perpaus osagarriak & jokatuak
—
Combien de chiens avez-vous dit qu'ils vous ont mordu?
(Answers)
[How many dog did you say have bitten you?]
—
Pourquoi croyez-vous que je suis venu à pied?
(Answers)
[Why do you think I came on foot?]
C.8. Exclamative sentences
Syntax > Exclamatives
[What bad weather!]
— Qu'est ce que vous pouvez dire comme bêtises!
(Answers)
[What a silly thing to say!]
— Ah, ce que votre voiture est grande!
(Answers)
[What a big car you have!]
— Combien de livres a lu Beñat!
(Answers)
[How many books has he read?]
C.9. Verb number agreement
— (Si vous ne savez pas quoi faire de ces lettres,) vous n'avez qu'à les envoyer par la poste.
(Answers)
[If you don't know what to do with these letters, send them by mail.]
— Vous n'avez qu'à me donner les bonbons.
(Answers)
[You just have to give me the sweets.]
— Les poires aussi, j'aime les cueillir de l'arbre.
(Answers)
[I like to pick pears from the tree as well.]
— Où sont les livres que je vous avais dit d'apporter?
(Answers)
[Where are the books that I told you to bring?]
— Où sont les livres que je vous avais vu acheter?
(Answers)
[Where are the books that I saw you buy?]
— Qui sont les garçons à qui je vous ai demandé de dire la vérité?
(Answers)
[Who are the boys that I told you to tell the truth to?]
C.10. Subordinate clauses
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Declarative clauses > Affirmative complement clauses
— Beñat a dit
qu'il fait froid dehors.
(Answers)
[Beñat has said it's cold outside.]
— Beñat sait que c'est moi qui a mangé le pain.
(Answers)
[Beñat knows that it was me who ate the bread.]
— Vous m'avez promis que vous finirez ce travail pour demain.
(Answers)
[You promised me you would finish this project by tomorrow.]
— Beñat m'a avoué qu'il a vu sa fille.
(Answers)
[Beñat admitted to me that he had seen his daughter.]
— Il semble que Beñat soit malade.
(Answers)
[It seems like Beñat is ill.]
— C'est vrai que je suis malade.
(Answers)
[It's true that I'm ill.]
— On voit bien que vous êtes fatigué.
(Answers)
[We can tell that you are tired.]
— J'ai peur que je sois malade.
(Answers)
[I'm scared to be ill.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Declarative clauses > Complement clauses in negative sentences > Predikatu iragankorrekin
— Maddi n'a pas dit qu'elle viendra demain.
(Answers)
[Maddi didn't say she would come tomorrow.]
— Je n'avais pas vu que Beñat était malade.
(Answers)
[I didn't see that Beñat was ill.]
— Je ne vous ai pas promis que je ferai ce travail pour demain.
(Answers)
[I didn't promise you that I'd finish this project by tomorrow.]
— Il ne semble pas que Beñat soit malade.
(Answers)
[It doesn't seem like Beñat is ill.]
— Ce n'est pas vrai que je suis malade.
(Answers)
[It's not true that I'm ill.]
— Il ne paraît pas que vous êtes fatigué.
(Answers)
[It doesn't seem like you are tired.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Declarative clauses > Complement clause_Vdoubt
— Je ne sais pas si je partirai demain.
(Answers)
[I don't know if I will leave tomorrow.]
— Je crois que Beñat viendra demain.
(Answers)
[I think Beñat will come tomorrow.]
[I'm afraid it will rain.]
— Je doute que Beñat soit vraiment malade.
(Answers)
[I have doubts that Beñat is really ill.]
— Je me réjouis que vous ayez fini.
(Answers)
[I'm happy that you have finished.]
— Il est dommage qu'il pleuve.
(Answers)
[It's a shame that it will rain.]
— Beñat s'étonne que vous ayez oublié son livre.
(Answers)
[Beñat was surprised that you forgot his book.]
— Je regrette que vous ayez pris mal à cause de moi.
(Answers)
[I feel bad that you hurt yourself because of me.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Indirect interr clauses > WH indir quest
— Beñat m'a dit qui a perdu l'argent.
(Answers)
[Beñat told me who lost the money.]
— Je sais quand Beñat partira à Paris.
(Answers)
[I know when Beñat leaves for Paris.]
— Je ne sais pas pourquoi Maddi a menti à son père.
(Answers)
[I don't know why Maddi has lied to her father.]
— Beñat m'a demandé où je travaillerai l'an prochain.
(Answers)
[Beñat asked me where I will work next year.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Indirect interr clauses > Alternative Ind Quest
— Beñat m'a demandé si je partais demain ou après-demain.
(Answers)
[Beñat asked me if I was leaving tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.]
— Je ne sais plus si c'est Beñat ou Maddi qui m'a donné ce livre.
(Answers)
[Now I don't remember if it was Beñat or Maddi who gave me this book.]
— J'ignore si c'est arrivé à Beñat ou à Maddi.
(Answers)
[I don't know if it happened to Beñat or Maddi.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Indirect interr clauses >
Yes/no Ind Quest
— J'ignore si cela vous est, ou non, déjà arrivé.
(Answers)
[I don't know it this has happened to you yet or not.]
— Beñat m'a demandé si je partais bien demain.
(Answers)
[Beñat asked me if I'm leaving tomorrow.]
— Je ne sais plus si Beñat m'a donné ou pas votre livre.
(Answers)
[Now I don't know if Beñat gave me your book or not.]
— J'ignore si c'est arrivé à Beñat.
(Answers)
[I don't know if it happened to Beñat.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Indirect interr clauses > Exclamatives
— Beñat sait bien combien sont belles les montagnes du Pays Basque.
(Answers)
[Beñat really knows how beautiful the Basque Country's mountains are.]
— Maddi m'a montré ce que vous travaillez bien.
(Answers)
[Maddi showed me how well you work.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Subj clause
— Pierre voudrait que ce soit moi qui fasse ce travail.
(Answers)
[ Pierre would like me to do this project.]
— Maddi préfère que je parte demain.
(Answers)
[Maddi prefers that I leave tomorrow.]
— Nous ne voulons pas que Beñat reste avec nous.
(Answers)
[We don't want Beñat to be with us.]
— Maddi a dit que nous entrions.
(Answers)
[Maddi has said to come in.]
— Je voulais que Beñat dise la vérité.
(Answers)
[I would like for Beñat to tell the truth.]
— Maddi avait dit que nous entrions.
(Answers)
[Maddi said to come in.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Jussives
— Sa mère lui disait qu'il ne soit pas en retard à l'école.
(Answers)
[His mother told him not to arrive late to school.]
— Sa mère leur disait qu'ils ne soient pas en retard à l'école.
(Answers)
[Their mother told them not to arrive late to school.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause > Adnom complement clause
— L'espoir qu'un jour je trouverai du travail me donne du courage.
(Answers)
[The hope that one day I will find a job gives me strength.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives >
DPerl_Obj
— Où sont les livres que je vous ai donnés ce matin?
(Answers)
[Where are the books that I gave you this morning?]
— Montrez-moi les enfants qui ont pleuré le plus.
(Answers)
[Show me the children who cried the most.]
— Je connais le vendeur qui vous a menti.
(Answers)
[I know the seller who lied to you.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives >
DPerl_Dat
— Je connais la femme à qui vous avez menti.
(Answers)
[I know the woman who you lied to.]
— Je connais quelqu'un à qui de tels livres plaisent beaucoup.
(Answers)
[I know someone who likes these kind of books.]
— Je parle souvent avec des personnes à qui les vieux films plaisent.
(Answers)
[I often speak to people who like old films.]
— La maison où votre père est né a été mise en vente.
(Answers)
[The house in which your father was born is for sale.]
— Beñat a nié le crime dont vous l'avez accusé.
(Answers)
[Beñat denies the crime that you accused him of.]
— Montrez-moi le balcon d'où vous avez sauté.
(Answers)
[Show me the balcony from where you jumped.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives >
PPerl_Gen
— Je connais la personne dont vous avez oublié le nom.
(Answers)
[I know the person whose name you forgot.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives >
PPerl_Com
— Cela est arrivé à la femme avec qui je vis.
(Answers)
[That happened to the woman that I live with.]
— Vous êtes parti à Paris avec le compagnon avec qui vous vivez.
(Answers)
[You have gone to Paris with the man that you live with.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives & generic >
DPerl_Obj
— Ce que vous avez dit m'a étonné.
(Answers)
[What you said surprised me.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives & generic >
DPerl_Subj
— Nous ne faisons pas confiance à ceux qui disent de tels mensonges.
(Answers)
[We don't trust the people who tell these lies.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives & generic >
PPerl_Ines
— Là où j'habite il n'y a pas d'oiseau.
(Answers)
[Where I live there are not birds.]
— Beñat vient d'où Maddi travaille.
(Answers)
[Beñat is coming from where Maddi works.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives & complement clause
— Où sont les livres que je vous avais dit d'amener?
(Answers)
[Where are the books that I told you to bring?]
— Qui sont les enfants que vous m'avez demander d'aider?
(Answers)
[Who are the children who you asked me to help?]
Syntax > Subordinates > Relatives > Correlative relat clause
—
Qui me connait sait que je ne mens pas.
(Answers)
[Those who know me know I don't lie.]
— Où je suis né, là je trouve la paix.
(Answers)
[Where I was born, I found peace.]
— Quoi que vous fassiez, faites-le bien.
(Answers)
[Whatever you do, do it well.]
— Où que vous alliez, là-bas j'irai.
(Answers)
[Whatever you want to go, I'll go.]
Syntax > Subordinates >
Comp > Comparatives (superiority and inferiority)
— Beñat est plus grand que moi.
(Answers)
[Beñat is taller than me]
— J'ai lu plus de livres que Beñat.
(Answers)
[I have read more books than Beñat. ]
— Beñat est moins riche que moi.
(Answers)
[Beñat is less rich than me.]
— Je gagne moins d'argent que Beñat.
(Answers)
[I earn less than Beñat.]
— Je mange plus de pommes que vous de poires.
(Answers)
[I eat more apples than you pears.]
— Vous buvez plus d'eau que moi de vin.
(Answers)
[You drink more water than me wine]
— Je préfère donner cet argent à Maddi qu'à Beñat.
(Answers)
[I prefer to give this money to Maddi than Beñat.]
— Je dépense plus que je ne gagne.
(Answers)
[I spend more than I earn.]
— Il m'est arrivé plus d'accidents qu'à vous.
(Answers)
[I have had as many accidents as you.]
Syntax > Subordinates >
Comp > Comparative of equality
— Je suis aussi petit que Beñat.
(Answers)
[I'm as short as Beñat.]
— Je gagne autant d'argent que Beñat.
(Answers)
[I earn as much money as Beñat.]
— Je mange autant de pommes que Beñat de poires.
(Answers)
[I eat as many apples as Beñat pears.]
— Je dépense autant que je gagne.
(Answers)
[I spend as much as I earn.]
Syntax > Subordinates >
Comp > Progressive comp
— Plus je travaille, plus je me fatigue.
(Answers)
[The more I work, the more tired I am.]
— Plus je travaille, et moins je gagne!
(Answers)
[The more I work, the less I earn.]
— Moins je travaille, mieux je dors.
(Answers)
[The less I work, the more I sleep.]
— Les choses vont de plus en plus mal.
(Answers)
[Things are getting worse and worse.]
Syntax > Subordinates >
Comp > Modals
[I'd do it like Beñat.]
— J'ai menti à Maddi comme à Beñat.
(Answers)
[I lied to Maddi like I did to Beñat.]
— Faites ce travail comme je vous l'ai dit.
(Answers)
[Do this work like I told you.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Consecutives
— J'aime tant les pommes, que j'en mange tous les jours trois.
(Answers)
[I like apples so much that I eat three a day.]
— Beñat travaille si bien, que tout le monde l'admire.
(Answers)
[Beñat works so well that everyone admires him.]
— Beñat gagne tant d'argent qu'il ne sait pas quoi en faire.
(Answers)
[Beñat earns so much money that he doesn't know what to do with it.]
— Cette maison est si belle que tout le monde veut l'acheter.
(Answers)
[This house is so beautiful that everyone wants to buy it.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Complement clause >
Tense Agr
— Je ne savais pas que Bayonne était si grand.
(Answers)
[I didn't know that Bayonne was so big.]
— Beñat sait-il quand le casino de Biarritz a été construit?
(Answers)
[Does Beñat know when Biarritz's casino was built?]
— Ce matin je me suis souvenu que Beñat viendra demain.
(Answers)
[This morning I remembered that Beñat comes tomorrow.]
— Hier Beñat m'a demandé où je serai aujourd'hui.
(Answers)
[Yesterday Beñat asked me where I would be today. ]
[I want Beñat to be quiet.]
— A ce moment, j'aurais voulu que Beñat vienne tout de suite.
(Answers)
[At that moment, I would have liked if Beñat came right away.]
— Je voulais que tout le monde le sache.
(Answers)
[I wanted everyone to know. ]
— Souhaiteriez-vous que cela arrive?
(Answers)
[Would you like for that to happen?]
Syntax > Subordinates > Adjunct clauses > Temporals
— Quand il fait beau, je vais au travail à pied.
(Answers)
[When it's nice weather, I walk to work.]
— Nous vous rendrons l'argent quand vous retournez de Paris.
(Answers)
[We'll give you the money back when you return from Paris.]
— Depuis que je vis à Bayonne je ne vois plus ma famille.
(Answers)
[Since I've lived in Bayonne, I don't see my family.]
— Tant que je travaillerai pour vous, je gagnerai bien ma vie.
(Answers)
[While I'm working for you, I'll make a good living.]
— Dès que j'ai appris la nouvelle, j'ai téléphoné à ma mère.
(Answers)
[As soon as I found out about the news, I called my mum.]
— Après que Beñat est parti, tout le monde se mit à chanter.
(Answers)
[After Beñat left, everyone started to sing.]
— Finissez ce travail, avant que Beñat ne rentre du marché.
(Answers)
[Finish this work before Beñat comes back from the market.]
— Nous prendrons la route dès qu'il aura cessé de pleuvoir.
(Answers)
[We'll leave as soon as it stops raining.]
— Dites-le-lui, aussitôt que vous le verrez.
(Answers)
[Tell him, as soon as you see him.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Adjunct clauses > Causal
— Je suis au lit, parce que je suis malade.
(Answers)
[I'm in bed because I'm ill.]
— Il a plu, car le sol est mouillé.
(Answers)
[It must have rained because the ground is wet.]
— Ne vous mariez pas avec Beñat parce qu'il est riche, mais parce que vous l'aimez.
(Answers)
[Don't marry Beñat because he's rich, but because you love him.]
— Je ne partirai pas à Paris la semaine prochaine, car on annonce une grève de trains.
(Answers)
[I won't go to Paris next week because they have announced a train strike.]
— Puisque vous savez l'anglais, traduisez-moi ce texte.
(Answers)
[Since you know English, translate this for me.]
— Du moment que vous le dites, je vous crois.
(Answers)
[As soon as you say it, I'll believe you.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Adjunct clauses >
Cond
— Si j'étais plus riche, j'habiterais au bord de la mer.
(Answers)
[If I were richer, I'd live next to the sea.]
— Si j'avais 10 ans de moins, j'achèterais une nouvelle maison.
(Answers)
[If I were 10 years younger, I'd buy a new house.]
— Si les Allemands avaient gagné la guerre, beaucoup d'hommes seraient partis de France.
(Answers)
[If the Germans would have won the war, many men would have left France.]
— Demain j'irai au travail à pied, à moins que je trouve un autobus.
(Answers)
[Tomorrow I'll walk to work, unless I catch a bus.]
— Je n'irai à pied que s'il ne pleut pas.
(Answers)
[I won't walk unless it's not raining.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Adjunct clauses > Conces
— Même si j'étais plus riche, je ferais le même travail.
(Answers)
[Even if I were rich, I'd keep my job.]
— Bien que je sois très malade, je finirai ce travail.
(Answers)
[Even though I'm sick, I'll finish this project.]
— Qui que ce soit qui vous l'a dit, c'est un menteur.
(Answers)
[Whoever told you this, is a liar.]
— Où que vous soyez, je vous retrouverais.
(Answers)
[Wherever you are, I'll find you.]
Syntax > Subordinates > Adjunct clauses > Purposives
— J'ai acheté ce livre afin de vous l'offrir.
(Answers)
[I bought this book to give to you.]
— Vous m'avez appelé pour me donner de l'argent.
(Answers)
[You've called me to give me the money.]
— C'est pour vous connaître que je suis venu jusqu'ici.
(Answers)
[I've come here to meet you.]
[I'm going to buy bread.]
— Ils vont visiter les enfants.
(Answers)
[They are going to visit the children.]
Syntax > Non-finite > Subject clauses
[Seeing you here is strange.]
— Laisser seuls les enfants me fait peur.
(Answers)
[Leaving the children alone scares me.]
— Le voir déguisé me fait rire.
(Answers)
[Seeing him dressed up makes me laugh.]
Syntax > Non-finite > Aspect verbs
— J'ai commencé à écrire une lettre.
(Answers)
[I've started to write a letter.]
— J'ai fini de ramasser les feuilles.
(Answers)
[I finished collecting the leaves.]
— J'ai continué à manger des pommes le matin.
(Answers)
[I still eat apples in the morning.]
— Je me suis efforcé de lire votre livre.
(Answers)
[I forced myself to read your book.]
— J'ai arrêté de boire du vin pendant les repas.
(Answers)
[I no longer drink wine at lunch.]
— Je me suis mis à lire des livres d'histoire.
(Answers)
[I've started reading history books. ]
— Je suis en train de lacer mes chaussures.
(Answers)
[I'm tying my shoes.]
— J'ai pris l'habitude de lire des livres en basque.
(Answers)
[I've picked up the habit of reading books in Basque.]
Syntax > Non-finite > PerceptionV
— Je vous ai vu prendre deux livres.
(Answers)
[I've seen you take two books.]
— Je vous ai entendu dire ces mots.
(Answers)
[I've heard you saying these words.]
— Je vous ai senti vous approcher de moi.
(Answers)
[I've felt you coming closer to me.]
Syntax > Non-finite > Verbs of knowledge
— Les hommes savent réparer les voitures.
(Answers)
[The men know how to repair cars.]
— J'ai oublié d'apporter vos livres.
(Answers)
[I've forgotten to bring your books.]
— J'ai oublié par où on va chez vous.
(Answers)
[I've forgotten how to get to your house.]
— Je vous apprendrai á parler espagnol.
(Answers)
[I'll teach you to speak Spanish.]
— J'ai appris à lire à dix ans.
(Answers)
[I learned to read when I was 10 years old.]
Syntax > Non-finite > Interaction V
— Je vous propose d'acheter tous mes livres.
(Answers)
[I propose that you buy all of my books.]
— Je vous ai demandé de me rapporter tous mes jouets.
(Answers)
[I've asked you to return all of my toys.]
— Vous m'avez ordonné d'acheter trois livres.
(Answers)
[You have ordered me to buy three books.]
— Vous m'avez autorisé à prendre votre voiture.
(Answers)
[You have let me take your car.]
— Vous m'avez interdit de prendre votre voiture.
(Answers)
[You've prohibited me from taking your car.]
— Vous m'avez obligé à venir à pied.
(Answers)
[You made me come walking.]
— Vous m'avez empêché d'entrer dans l'école.
(Answers)
[You haven't let me enter the school.]
— Vous m'avez aidé à apprendre à conduire les camions.
(Answers)
[You've helped me learn to drive lorries.]
— Vous m'avez laissé épouser votre fille.
(Answers)
[You've let me marry your daughter.]
Syntax > Non-finite > Restructuring verbs
[I have to go to Paris.]
[I have to talk to Peio.]
[Peio wants me to see you.]
[I want to talk to Maialen.]
Syntax > Exclusives
[I only eat apples.]
[I only speak with Peio.]
Syntax > Causatives
[Peio made me come walking.]
— Vos parents vous ont fait apprendre l'anglais.
(Answers)
[Your parents made you learn English.]
— Je vous ferai donner votre argent aux pauvres.
(Answers)
[I would make you give your money to the poor.]
C.11. Impersonal clauses
Syntax > Impersonal clauses
— Comment vit-on dans les grandes villes?
(Answers)
[How do they live in big cities?]
[How do you get to Hasparren?]
— On parle en quelle langue dans cette ville?
(Answers)
[What do they speak in this town?]
— On dit que vous avez été malade.
(Answers)
[They say you have been ill.]
— On m'a volé ma voiture cette nuit.
(Answers)
[They stole my car last night.]
Syntax > Impersonal clauses
— On me parle toujours comme si j'étais un enfant.
(Answers)
[They always speak to me like I'm a child.]
Syntax > Impersonal clauses
— On a téléphoné pendant votre absence.
(Answers)
[They have called while you were out.]
— On a enlevé les ordures de la rue.
(Answers)
[They have taken the trash out of the street.]
— Lá-bas aussi on parle basque.
(Answers)
[There, they also speak Basque.]
D. MORPHONOLOGY
— J'ai apporté le livre pour l'homme.
(Answers)
[I have brought the book for the man.]
— Beñat a dû acheter le maïs au marché.
(Answers)
[Beñat must have bought the corn at the market.]
— Je voulais que Maialen boive le lait.
(Answers)
[I wanted Maialen to drink the milk. ]
— Beñat sait que c'est moi qui a mangé le pain.
(Answers)
[Beñat knows that it was me who ate the bread.]
— Beñat m'a avoué qu'il a vu sa fille.
(Answers)
[Beñat admitted to me that he had seen his daughter.]
F. PHONOLOGY
F.1. French loanwords
French loanwords > Fr_[v] > Fr_[v]
[I increased/lowered my speed.]
— Vous devez prendre des
vitamines.
(Answers)
[You have to take some vitamins.]
— Ils ont acheté une belle
villa à Monaco.
(Answers)
[They have bought a nice villa in Monaco.]
— Je n'aime pas les haricots
verts.
(Answers)
[I don't like green beans.]
[I have bought some endives.]
French loanwords > Fr_[z] > Fr_[z]
— Je ne sais pas où est la pri
se.
(Answers)
[I don't know where the outlet is.]
— Je préfère le ga
z pour chauffer la maison.
(Answers)
[I prefer gas to heat the house.]
— Quel ba
zar dans cette maison!
(Answers)
[This house is a mess!]
— Ils doivent m'opérer de la vé
sicule.
(Answers)
[I have to have surgery on my vesicle.]
— Ils ont installé une grande u
sine.
(Answers)
[They built a big factory.]
— J'ai mis les papiers dans le ca
sier.
(Answers)
[I have put the documents in the drawer.]
— Il faut changer la
zinguerie du toit.
(Answers)
[We have to replace the gutter.]
— Nous avons ramassé la lu
zerne.
(Answers)
[We have collected the alfalfa.]
French loanwords > Fr_[ʒ] > Fr_[ʒ]
[The garage is closed.]
[I have bought two pyjamas.]
— Mets la viande dans le con
gélateur.
(Answers)
[Put the meat in the freezer.]
— Ils ont fait venir un
géomètre.
(Answers)
[They have called the surveyor.]
[I prefer to have surgery.]
French loanwords > Fr_[y] > Fr_[y]
[I love vegetables.]
[I have lost my glasses.]
— Les ouvriers sortaient de l'
usine.
(Answers)
[The workers left the factory.]
[The surgeon has arrived.]
French loanwords > Fr_[] > Fr_[]
[He's a good entrepreneur.]
— Mon fils joue dans un grand cl
ub.
(Answers)
[My son plays for a big club.]
— Nous sommes allés au p
ub à pied.
(Answers)
[We walked to the pub.]
[Her sister-in-law is ill.]
— J'ai acheté des T-sh
irts pour les enfants.
(Answers)
[I bought some T-shirts for the kids.]
— Cette voiture a un mot
eur neuf.
(Answers)
[This car has a new engine.]
French loanwords > Fr_[̃ɑ] > Fr_[̃ɑ]
— Il y a beaucoup d'
Anglais cette année.
(Answers)
[There are a lot of English visitors this year.]
— Le serg
ent est très sympathique.
(Answers)
[The sergeant is nice.]
[The police have arrived.]
— Donnez-moi une tr
anche de viande.
(Answers)
[I would like a slice of meat.]
French loanwords > Fr_[̃ɔ] > Fr_[̃ɔ]
[I don't like canned food.]
[They called the fire department.]
French loanwords > Fr_[̃ɛ] > Fr_[̃ɛ]
[The wound is infected.]
French loanwords > Word initial adaptations in loanwords > Fr_word initial rhotics
— Ils mettent des
radars partout.
(Answers)
[They are putting radar everywhere.]
— Il y a des
rubans autour du paquet.
(Answers)
[There are strings around the package.]
— J'ai dû écrire un nouveau
rapport.
(Answers)
[I have to write a new report.]
French loanwords > Word initial adaptations in loanwords > Fr_initial sibilant + cons
— J'ai acheté un
slip pour le petit voisin.
(Answers)
[I've bought some underwear for the little neighbor .]
[You must respect the stop signs.]
French loanwords > Word final adaptations in loanwords > Fr_word final plosives
[A new stop sign.]
— J'ai acheté une nouvelle ca
nne.
(Answers)
[I've bought a new cane.]
French loanwords > Word final adaptations in loanwords > Fr_word final fricatives
[I've to go to the scrapyard.]
[I've bought a beige jersey.]
French loanwords > Word final adaptations in loanwords > Fr_laterals in final pos
[The saddle.]
— Le c
ol de la chemise est sale.
(Answers)
[The shirt's collar is dirty.]
F.2. Contact-induced phonemic change in northern Basque
Fr_induced change > Fricatives > [s] vs [ś] vs [ʃ]
[I like cabbage.]
[Pass me the salt, please.]
— J'ai
mis le livre sur la table.
(Answers)
[I've put the book on the table.]
— Il est sorti de son petit
coin.
(Answers)
[He has left his spot.]
Fr_induced change > Affricates > [ts] vs [tś] vs [tʃ]
[He has a hard heart.]
— Les
agneaux se sont échappés.
(Answers)
[The lambs have escaped.]
— Tu as les cheveux très
courts.
(Answers)
[You have very short hair.]
[The scissors are sharp.]
[Your words are sad too.]
[In two days, I won't give up.]
Fr_induced change > Palatalized lateral approx & i_context > [ʎ]
— Le voisin est mort depuis longtemps.
(Answers)
[The neighbor died a long time ago.]
Fr_induced change > Palatals & Child language > [ʎ] & [c] & [ɲ]
[A pretty dummy.]
Fr_induced change > Fricative in initial position > Ø[h]
[A stone.]
Fr_induced change > Intervocalic aspirated fricative > V[h]
[Bed.]
Fr_induced change > Aspirated plosives > [pʰ] > [tʰ] > [kʰ]
[Priest.]
Fr_induced change > Rhotics > Intervocalical rhotics > [r]/[ʀ] vs [ɾ]
— C'est vous qui avez brûlé les livres.
(Answers)
[It was you who has burnt the books.]
— Vous aussi avez de tels livres.
(Answers)
[You have these books too. ]
[The hazelnut is rotten.]
Fr_induced change > Rhotics > Rhotics in word final pos > [r]/[ʀ]
[I want hot water.]
— J'ai acheté du bois bon marché.
(Answers)
[I bought some wood.]
Fr_induced change > Rhotics > Neutralization of the contrast between rhotics after a consonant
[It's sacred.]
Fr_induced change > Rhotics > Neutralization of rhotics before a consonant
[I've taken it.]
[The carpenter has arrived.]
— Zerk pentsarazten dautzu hori?
(Answers)
[What makes you think that?]